Paper1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Paper1 - Essay Example This is evident in the universal consent from bishops to the faithful highlighting concerns depicting of faith and morals (Ratzinger 60). Theology is inseparable from church because it plays a significant role in fulfilling the desire of God in reaching out to every individual by providing a deeper understanding of his word (Ratzinger 65). Theological science seeks to comprehend faith especially God and his salvation plan. Despite the challenges faced by theology due to the dynamic society, it has tried to live up with the pace bearing in mind delivering the truth as evident in the inspired scriptures. It is true that man is ignorant about his real nature, and God’s plan (Ratzinger 65). Theology is very crucial to churches because understanding the bible needs research and consultation. The contribution of the theological field cannot be underestimated because it sets the stage for growth and progress. Ratzinger, Joseph. Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. May 24, 1990. Web. 31st January 2012

Zoo Essay Example for Free

Zoo Essay Going to the zoo has always been a favorite American past time. Families would sometimes retreat to this place where animals from the wild are caged and enjoy how these animals interact with each other. While man has always been at the top of the pyramid, the wonder of seeing these animals live and relate with others in their species has time and again drawn old and young children alike. Among the animals closest to man are the gorillas, baboons and mandrills. In the same way that man forms his own community, these animals also form their own legions of society. Gorillas like humans have their own distinct identification. Whereas man is identified according to his fingerprints, gorillas on the other hand are identified through their noses in which each gorilla has its own unique nose pattern. Gorillas moves quadrupedally and uses a special kind of quadrupedal gait wherein it uses its knuckles, hence, the term â€Å"knuckle walking†. Gorillas can also climb trees or higher surfaces but they cannot move suspensory as in the case of monkeys. Looking at the group of gorillas closely, one cannot see that it is patriarchal and polygynous in the sense that a basic group is composed of one male, usually a mature-silver black male wherein he acts as the leader of the group and unlike other primates, gorillas are more reserved. When they are in the wild, female gorillas would normally leave their group upon reaching sexual maturity and would tend to join groups of gorillas with a fewer females. It is evident by watching these groups of gorillas that there is hierarchy among them although males place high in the hierarchy. Like humans, grooming among gorillas also has become an essential habit and this usually occurs between the male silver back and the adult females. However, despite having lived in the care of humans, gorillas seldom interact with them. In fact, in the twenty-minute observation of this species, only once did the gorillas notice their visitors. They seemed to be living in their own world and no care whatsoever with its human visitors. While gorillas are reserved, baboons on the other hand most frequently interact with people. As seen by their actions, baboons are intelligent and very crafty that when they are in the wild, they are often treated like pests because they steal agricultural crops. But like gorillas, baboons also move quadrupedally although when they run, they seem to be like that of a horse galloping. They are very lithe and when something gets its attention, baboons tends to become excited and would run abound in its cage. Adult baboons sit in small groups while they grooming each other and the young ones play around. And ironically, among all the primates, the baboons seemed to be the most conscious and conceited because they spend most of their time grooming themselves although this can be different when they are in the wild. This is probably a form of forging a bond among their group while keeping their bodies free and clean or external parasites that would cling to their furs. Unlike gorillas which have a definite male hierarchy, baboons on the other hand allow females to rise in rank as leaders in their groups. Young baboon males enter new groups by forming â€Å"friendships† among females by protecting and defending them. Even for a short period of time, it is evident that baboons can also be aggressive especially among males. On the other hand, the black and white colobus monkey seems to be a mutilated or mutant form of primates. Although its black and white fur is very beautiful, it does not have thumbs like the baboons and gorillas. The infant black and white colobus are nearly white all over that it barely resembles its parents. Its tale is very fluffy like that of a stuff toy and their stomach seemed to be bloated and large. The black and white colobus monkey is very lithe and agile. It rarely goes to the ground and uses the branches and bars as trampolines, jumping up and down and leap among bars. Like the gorillas, the black and white colobus monkey is dominated by a male and forms its own territory. Because the colobus monkey tends to stay up on branches and bars surrounding its cage, it rarely interacts with humans. This kind of primate moves quadrupedally and is a semibrachiators as well as an agile acrobatic leaper. In fact, it can move up from bar to bar or from one branch to another with a length of six meters. Interestingly though, the tail of the colobus monkey is being used to balance itself. It is also funny to take note of that colobus monkeys belch on each others faces. When they are out in the wild, the colobus monkey is normally headed by a male but the female is not totally dominated. For example, the female black and white colobus monkey in the zoo seemed to form a society or bond of their own, taking care of the offspring of one and seemed to pass it along to other female colobus monkeys that it is hard to keep track which is the mother of the infant colobus monkey. Indeed a visit to the zoo even for just twenty minutes will render a visitor various insights as to how these animals act and move. The facts learned from books and the Internet are not only substantiated but also corroborated and having kids around to watch these animals will definitely teach them how these animals live in their own communities.

Misguided Feminist Reaction to A Streetcar Named Desire Essay examples

Misguided Feminist Reaction to A Streetcar Named Desire   Ã‚  Ã‚   The dramatic climax of A Streetcar Named Desire, clearly illustrates the mastery of author Tennessee Williams. The brilliantly constructed text, with its tragic story and enticing characters, propels the reader to a point in which he becomes emotionally involved in the dynamics of Williams’ world. Unfortunately, many feminists are negatively affected by Williams’ captivating writing style. In turn, feminists have developed an array of very strong opinions regarding the climax, often responding with a very personal and emotive discussion of the issues. Concentrating on the dynamics of each character and his stance during the climax, feminists present an intelligent discussion on the inevitability of the rape and its effect on the characters. Unfortunately, many feminists have a tendency to become focused on the morals of rape, rather than exploring the symbolic nature of rape. Many feminists have also let their emotions and personal values sway their arguments, even to the point where they personally attack Tennessee Williams.   However, a correct reading of the climax should focus on the symbolism of the event and the positioning of characters. From this stance, it becomes much clearer why this disturbing climax was essential, especially when considering the shocking conclusion to the play. The feminist’s lack of serious discussion of the necessity of the rape scene is the weak link in their argument. While feminists concede that the character of Blanche is a woman with more than a few â€Å"inconsistencies†, their description of Stanley as a "monster" is not justified. Feminists neglect to consider Stanley’s vulnerability as a factor in the rape; but they justify... ... and the rape are archetypes of society, representing the battle between good will and survival, good and evil, class and inhumanity, behind which the driving force is utter desire!    Works Cited and Consulted Brownmiller, Susan. Against Our Will. New York: Bantam Books, 1975. Dworkin, Andrea. Intercourse. New York: The Free Press, 1087 Lant, Kathleen Margaret. "A Streetcar Named Misogyny." pp. 225-238 in REDMOND. Redmond, James (Editor). Violence in Drama. Cambridge University Press; 1991.   Spoto, Donald. The Kindness of Strangers. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1985. Williams, Edwina Dakin. Remember Me to Tom. St. Louis: Sunrise Publishing Company, 1963. Williams, Tennessee. Memoirs. New York: Doubleday and Company, Inc: 1975. Williams, Tennessee. A Streetcar Named Desire. New York: Signet. Original copyright 1947.

Grammar and the Role of Writing Center Tutors as Teachers of Grammar :: Teaching Writing Grammer Education

Grammar and the Role of Writing Center Tutors as Teachers of Grammar Communication in any form requires a protocol. The evolution of language from sounds into words is proof of that. People recognized that in order for two people to understand each other, they must have a common code that will allow each one to transmit and receive signals accurately. If the word â€Å"red† signified two different colors to two different people, for example, then there would be a breakdown of communication. Language has grown complex over time and in its current form, it enables users to communicate with precision and nuance. In the English language, specifically, the meaning of what is communicated depends not only on the words chosen, but also on where those words are placed and how they are modified. Semantics studies meaning and interpretation of words. This is separate from syntax, which deals with the physical location of a word (or other element of language) within a sentence (or other linguistic construct). Today, we usually use â€Å"grammar† an d â€Å"syntax† interchangeably, although syntax is a subset of grammar. Within the context of Writing Centers, this is acceptable, because when the issue of grammar comes up, it is always a matter of syntax; we never, for example, deal with phonology, which is also a subset of grammar. However, semantic issues are sometimes labeled grammatical issues, which is not correct. One might argue that what we call these issues does not matter so long as they are dealt with appropriately. In truth, it does matter, because by lumping semantic issues together with syntactic issues makes grammatical issues as a whole a larger issue, which is undesirable because grammar is already a much feared and religiously avoided area. I imagine a small, dark closet labeled Grammar, in an obscure part of the house that represents all the issues that Writing Centers deal with. Into the Grammar closet, students and tutors alike throw in several issues—actual grammar, but also semantics and mis cellaneous quirks of the language—and then shut the door. Over time, the inside of the closet becomes dusty and obscure, inaccessible as well something to be both feared and ignored. Come spring, nobody wants to be responsible for cleaning the grammar closet. Sadly, with the desire to focus on critical thinking in papers (i.e. content), those who plan Expository Writing classes or provide tutoring for it have gone from saying, â€Å"Critical thinking is the primary focus† to saying â€Å"Critical thinking is the only focus.

Critical Thinking Triad Insurance Company Essay

Introduction The term critical thinking refers to â€Å" †¦ to a wide range of cognitive skills and intellectual dispositions needed to effectively identify, analyze, and evaluate arguments and truth claims, to discover and overcome personal prejudices and biases, to formulate and present convincing reasons in support of conclusions, and to make reasonable, intelligent decisions about what to believe and what to do†¦ â€Å"   (Bassham, G., et al, 2005).     It serves as the foundation of objective analyses that leads to the correct problem definition resulting in the generation of sound alternative courses of action.   In the absence of critical thinking models, companies can fall into decision-making traps where, unconsciously, they are forced to make the wrong decisions (Langlois, G, 2007). What are the issue and conclusion? The case study, as embodied in the Memorandum to the Chief Executive Officer, dated September 20, 2007, presents a prescriptive issue, to establish or not a leadership development program for Triad Insurance Company of Indianapolis (TICI).   Ms. Denise Khali (Vice-President of Human Resources) specifically recommended disapproval of the proposal submitted by the Director of Operations, Mr. Ralph Clarke. What are the reasons? As VP of human resources and from her personal standpoint, Ms. Khali presented various arguments, notions and ideas to support her recommendation. TICI has 12 senior executives and none has attended a leadership development program. The past performance of TICI casts doubt on the necessity of the program. Supporting reason 1: TICI is over 50 years old.   The continued operation of TICI suggests a successful business undertaking.   Even at over 50 years, there is no end in sight for its continued operations, increasing its going-concern value. Supporting reason 2: TICI has an annual average growth rate of 12%.   There is a presumption that the 12% growth rate is acceptable in the insurance industry where TICI is located. Supporting reason 3: The age and growth factor of TICI are indicative of the company’s prosperity. According to Ms. Khali, the successful and effective leadership experience of TICI suggests that â€Å"leaders are born, not made.† Supporting reason 1: Ms. Khali surveyed TICI’s senior staff on the notion that â€Å"leaders are born, not made.†Ã‚   The survey result showed that all, except one, agreed with this notion. Supporting reason 2: Dr. Carleton Parker, a famous economist, has a similar stance. Supporting reason 3: Ms. Khali refers to an existing â€Å"entire school of leadership theory† that the world’s famous leaders possess common traits – that â€Å"cannot be learned; they are innate.† Ms. Khali cited her personal observation that leaders have a genetically determined tall physical stature. Supporting reason 1: She cited two internet websites Laughter Genealogy and IMDB that presented a partial list of American leaders, of different generations, having a height of more than six feet. Supporting reason 2: All of TICI’s senior staff members have heights of over six feet tall.   With the exception of Mr. Ralph Clarke, the leadership training advocate. The intentions of Mr. Ralph Clarke are doubtful with regards to his ambitions and liberal views on education and achievement. Supporting reason 1: Ms.Khali believes Mr. Clarke covets her position as VP of Human Resources. Supporting reason 2: Ms. Khali believes Mr.Clarke is out to discredit her. Supporting reason 3: According to Ms. Khali, Mr. Clarke believes every citizen can get anything they desire through each citizen’s right to get education. Supporting reason 4: The leadership theories of Aspen Institute do not fit in the culture of TICI. Agreement to the proposal will set off requests for expensive trainings that TICI cannot afford. Training staff without leadership traits is a waste of money. Supporting reason 1: Two research studies, described as â€Å"well-respected,† concluded that personality traits point to a person’s leadership potential.   These two studies appeared in the Journal of Applied Psychology and Leadership Quarterly.   There was no mention of the specific issues where they appeared. Supporting reason 2: Recruitment efforts should focus on applicants with leadership traits. Which words or phrases are ambiguous? We review the reasons cited above for ambiguity.   Vague words undermine the strength of the reasons supporting the conclusion.   The discussion of ambiguity also opens the door to look into the proposal itself for weaknesses and possible points of misunderstanding.   The Background Section identifies the ultimate purpose of the training program as preparation for â€Å"future advancement† of 20 junior executives annually into executive positions.   There was no justification on the number of trainees.   Does TICI have as many executive positions to fill up in the short or medium term?   The phrase â€Å"future advancement† can be broken down into the exact executive positions with vacancy and in what future timeframe.   The training program can be viewed as an investment and the training costs can be matched with the costs of pirating executives to see which is feasible. The term prosperity in Reason 1 can mean increases in value in different things.   The increase can refer to gross sales, net profit, net worth, goodwill, and others.   In the insurance industry, cash flow is not proportionate to sales levels as there is no guarantee in the collection of annual premiums due to nonpayment or termination of contact by the policyholder.   Even if an insurance company is growing in terms of premium sales, there is the possibility of cash flow problems that will translate in operational problems, including training activities by the Human Resource Department. Reason two, uses a very general description of TICI leadership in the words successful and effective.   The words suggest that TICI leadership is successful in all areas of corporate management – finance, operations, marketing, sales, administration, information systems, and others.   If that is the case, there is no need for an outsourced training program.   The best training the junior executives can get is from the company leadership itself.   The Human Resource Department can develop in-house training programs.   Ms. Khali was silent on this possibility.   She did mention training of personnel with leadership traits, but she failed to elaborate. Ms. Khali conducted a survey to support the notion that â€Å"leaders are born, not made.†Ã‚   She did not inform the technicalities as to sample population characteristics, sample size, and others.   It could have been a simple query to a select group such that the procedure itself is biased.   Therefore, in this case, the result is also biased.   The use of the descriptive phrase â€Å"entire school of leadership theory† suggested a huge following but said following is unverifiable. Reason 4 reveals power play and Ms. Khali accuses the Operations Director of discrediting her.   There seem to be an assumption the training proposal of Mr. Clarke is needed by the company and the VP of Human Resources was not able to see or sense this.   Therefore, she may have been bypassed in the formulation of the proposal.   How the leadership theories of Aspen do not fit the culture of TICI is in itself vague. Ms. Khali mentioned subsequent requests for expensive trainings are something TICI cannot afford.   Are they having cash flow problems even if the company is experiencing a long period of prosperity? What are the value conflicts and assumptions? The case facts limit us to values in the work place.   A good reference in analyzing the interplay of values in Triad Insurance is Schwartz’s Values Circumplex (McShane & Von Glinow 2:47, 2005).   The case facts present bipolar positions where the VP of Human Resources assumes conservative values while the Director for Operations assumes values reflecting openness to change.   This explains, in part, the actions of the two protagonists and the values they are assumed to have.   Ms. Khali possesses the values of conformity (adherence to corporate culture), security (tenure and stability) and tradition (moderation and maintenance of the status quo). Mr. Clarke whose values cluster on the opposite side of the model is assumed to possess the values of self-direction (independence in thinking and action) and stimulation (facing challenges and taking risks).   The Schwartz model also has vertical bipolar clusters around self-transcendence and self-enhancement.   From this dimension, only the values clustering around self-enhancement are present, from the facts given in the case.   Both protagonists possess the values of achievement (personal success) and power (dominance over others within the organization).   The conflicting values and assumptions explain the collision course of the two corporate protagonists. What are the descriptive assumptions? The first descriptive assumption is that the senior executives know almost everything about leadership and further training is unnecessary.   This assumption is hard to accept in this age of globalization, which promotes the free flow of information, resources and people (Jrank, 2007).   Several decades ago, the concept of international competition was limited to the big multinationals.   With the developments in information technology, competition is now global in character and big and small players can compete in various geographic locations at the same time or within cyberspace itself. Genetics play an important role in determining leadership traits of every person.   Ms. Khali relied heavily on this descriptive assumption to support her recommendation not to accept Mr. Clarke’s proposal.   Underlying this descriptive assumption is another descriptive assumption that exposes Ms. Khali’s incapability of adequately supporting her arguments.   The data on leader heights she presented to the CEO was taken from the Laughter Genealogy website.   Professional journals are readily accessible in the libraries and the internet and are better sources of reliable data and information. The case did not present much information on Mr. Clarke.   It was apparent that Ms. Khali was wary of Mr. Clarke’s intentions and she was convinced that the latter was after her position.   The manner by which Ms. Khali reacted, gathering supporting arguments left and right and throwing accusations, seemed to indicate another descriptive assumption.   Ms. Khali was insecure of her position in the company for reasons not stated in the case.   She was desperately protecting herself in the ongoing power struggle, as she perceived it. Are there any fallacies in the reasoning? The following analysis on fallacies is based on the article of Haskins (2008) as posted on the Skepdic website. Ms. Khali has committed the fallacy of argument from ignorance and the fallacy of begging the question when she argued that all, except one, senior executive of TICI are over 6 feet tall that explains why they are â€Å"successful and effective† leaders.   She also committed the fallacy of false analogy by quoting Dr. Carleton Parker in proving that only a select group can be leaders and they are genetically determined to become leaders.   What Dr. Parker said is that each human being is born into this world with â€Å"rich, psychical disposition† that provides â€Å"all his motivations of conduct.†Ã‚   She also committed the fallacy of slippery slope when she argued that there would be more requests for expensive trainings if the leadership program were approved. It is only a claim but remains to be proven.   Upon concluding her arguments, she also committed the ad hominem fallacy by shifting her criticisms from the leadership program to the character of Ralph Clarke accusing him of coveting her position.   She resorted to the ad populum fallacy when surveying the acceptance of the notion that leaders are born, not made.   The survey was more of a popularity vote on an idea rather than a serious attempt to establish statistical probabilities. How good is the evidence? The evidences given by Ms. Khali were gathered to support her decision not to recommend the acceptance of the proposal.   On the contrary, whatever position she takes will be more acceptable with a study that will show the feasibility of the proposed program.   She capped her memorandum with personal accusations that were impossible to prove or defend. Are there rival causes? As Vice President of Human Resources, it was the prerogative of Ms. Khali to recommend or not the leadership-training proposal.   It is assumed that anybody n her position will recommend what is best for the company.   The memorandum she wrote was filled with ambiguities and fallacies.   As she cast doubt on the intentions of Mr. Clarke a similar cloud of suspicion hung over her intentions. The manner by which her memorandum was crafted was not deserving of the CEO.   All these factors indicate the possibility of rival causes.   Did Ms, Khali recommend the rejection of the proposal as part of her job as vice president or did she make that recommendation to protect her hold on the position of vice president?   Conflicting values as discussed above indicated a collision course between the two major players in the case.   Corporate executives live with conflict and are expected to resolve them in a professional manner expected of them. Are the statistics deceptive?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The proposal itself and the arguments against it contain deceptive statistics.   Training 20 junior executives for senior positions every year indicates a requirement stemming from growth or a fast turnover of senior executives.   Both of these two possible reasons remain unsupported throughout the case.   If the number of junior executives for training were down to five, for example, would it have been more realistic for the company?   Ms. Khali did not look at it from this perspective; she simply went all out to prevent project implementation. Dr. Carleton Parker was quoted as supporting the hypothesis that a select group is genetically destined to become leaders.   What Dr. Parker said was all human beings are psychically equipped to face motivations in his lifetime. What significant information is omitted?   The pros and cons of the project proposal did not get equal investigation.   The memorandum would have gained much credibility if the side of Mr. Clarke was sought and presented in the memorandum.   Perhaps, Ms. Khali was not consulted during the formulation of the project proposal causing her personal hurt and doubts as to the real intentions of Mr. Clarke.   In retaliation, she presented only her side of the picture.   In the absence of Mr. Clarke’s arguments, the memorandum could have achieved a sense of balance and fairness if both sides of the coin were represented in all the arguments used. What reasonable conclusions are possible? There were so many ambiguities and fallacies in the memorandum.   Perhaps the CEO will ask an improved version, one expected of a vice president.   A balanced report will provide stronger arguments and the opinion of Mr. Clarke may be required in the modified memorandum.   The CEO may ask other parties to conduct the investigation.   Both the proposal and the arguments have weaknesses and points to the possibility that personal interest weighed heavily against that of the company. Conclusion As mentioned, critical thinking is a requirement to generate the right arguments, generate Alternative courses of action and make the right decisions.   By not following a critical thinking model, the company finds itself with the wrong decisions.   Many decision alternatives are arrived at because of the poor thinking styles used in the process.   As a result, companies unconsciously limit their own decision choices. Langlois (2007) identifies several heuristic (decision) traps companies face.   In the case of TICI, a decision based on Ms. Khali’s memorandum will force the company into a framing trap that prevents the generation of other alternatives to the proposal presented.   It is the responsibilities of the CEO to identify heuristic traps and develop strategies that will guide the company develop a healthy decision making environment. References Bassham, G, Irwin, W, Nardone, H, & Wallace, J (2005). Critical thinking, 2nd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Haskins, G. (2008). A practical guide to critical thinking.   Retrieved January 20, 2008, from   http://skepdic.com/essays/haskins.pdf Jrank, 2007, Modernization theory – globalization theory.   Retrieved January 16, 2008, from   http://science.jrank.org/pages/10275/Modernization-Theory-Globalization-Theory.html Langlois, H. (2007). The challenge of changing, part II. Massachusetts: Cambridge [Course notes.]   Retrieved   January 14, 2008, from http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic203996.files/Challenge_in_Changing092507B.ppt McShane, S.L., Von Glinow, M.A. (2005). Organizational behavior: emerging realities for the workplace revolution, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.

Mindfulness and the SAT

Mindfulness and the SAT SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In this article, we'll discuss how to use mindfulness to crush the SAT (and everything else that stresses you out!). On Test Day â€Å"Our mind is constantly evaluating our experiences, comparing them with other experiences or holding them up against expectations and standards that we create, often out of fear.† -Jonathan Kabat-Zinn, Wherever You Go, There You Are When you walk into the gym/classroom/cafeteria on test day, it’s likely that you’ll be feeling anxious and scared. Even though you might have prepped for the SAT with all kinds of courses, you may be nervous. All kinds of important, but unpredictable, life situations produce these feelings. But here’s the thing: anxiety and fear actually impede (get in the way of) your ability to perform your best on the SAT. In fact, they impede almost everything we try to get done in a day. To boost our performance, the best thing we can do (besides personalized SAT prep) is try to minimize our anxiety, but most people have no idea how to do this. There is a simple solution: mindfulness. What’s mindfulness? â€Å"You can’t stop the waves but you can learn to surf.† -Jonathan Kabat-Zinn, Wherever You Go, There You Are Mindfulness, according to the Oxford New American Dictionary, is: 1: the quality or state of being conscious or aware of something; 2: a mental state achieved by focusing one's awareness on the present moment, while calmly acknowledging and accepting one's feelings, thoughts, and bodily sensations, used as a therapeutic technique. So, it’s possible to be mindful in any given moment, not thinking about anything but the present time and place. But the practice of mindfulness is cultivating the ability to be mindful more frequently and more easily, and is the secret to the inner peace of Buddhist monks, among others. However, while monks meditate for hours every day to cultivate their mindfulness, it is possible for high school students (and, in fact, anyone) to use the power of mindfulness. Given any amount of time, but especially if you start well ahead of test day, you can harness the power of your own inner strength using mindfulness to get your best possible score. // What can mindfulness do for me? Life is stressful, especially for teenagers. There’s school, sports, extracurriculars, social life, family time, andon top of it alltest prep. Mindfulness is a scientifically proven, thoroughly researched way to reduce stress and provide a calm state of mind that can help you get through any situation, especially one as potentially anxiety-producing as the SAT. Read on for details of what exactly this means. Practice: how and when? Meditation, or mindfulness practice, is nothing but sitting, standing, laying or even walking while focusing only on the present momentwhat you see, hear, and feel right now. There are a million websites and books that discuss when, where and how to do it. But the great thing about mindfulness practice is that, while 30 minutes or an hour of daily practice can do wonders, even 5 minutes of intentional mindfulness every day (or even every few days, or every week) can seriously improve your ability to stay calm, focus, and perform better. If you follow our recommendation to do 100 hours of focused online SAT prep (it’s not as bad as it sounds!), you’ll end up with 250-500 minutes, or 4-8 hours, of mindfulness practice. That’s more than enough to boost your emotional and psychological readiness for the SAT, as well as the crazy stuff college is going to throw at you. We recommend that, before you start your SAT prep session, sit (on the floor, ideally) or lay down and focus on nothing but the present moment. Many people find that it helps to focus on the breath moving in and out of their body. Try to do it for 5 minutes, even if it is difficult or frustrating. By associating your mindfulness practice with your SAT practice, you’re training yourself to be mindful on test day. Discipline concentration â€Å"Discipline provides a constancy which is independent of what kind of a day you had yesterday and what kind of a day you anticipate today.† -Jonathan Kabat-Zinn, Wherever You Go, There You Are In addition to its other benefits, regular meditation improves discipline and concentration, which are key for any academic pursuit. You don’t have to do anything to gain this benefit: just do nothing for 5 minutes before every session of SAT prep you do, the more often the better. Try it out Right now, just sit cross-legged on the floor, close your eyes, and focus your attention on your breathing. Count the breaths, if that helps. When other thoughts pop up, acknowledge them and let them go, bringing your attention back to your breath. Try it for 5 minutes, and see if you don’t feel calmer and more centered afterward. If you found this helpful or interesting, please take a moment to sign up for our email list at right: we’ll never sell your email address, and we crank out great posts on SAT-related topics every week. Also, check out our Free SAT Guide:

Ethical Lens Inventory Results Essay

Ethical Lens Inventory Results Essay Ethical Lens Inventory Results Essay Ethical Lens Inventory Results Odessa Whitehouse US/101 March 15, 2013 Kendra Justice My Ethical Lens Inventory tells me that my preferred lenses are the results and reputation lenses because I tend to listen to my intuition to determine the greatest good for each individual and which character traits and virtues will best serve my community. I value autonomy and equality equally while seeking interdependence with a moderate value sensibility, following my heart to make prudent choices, using rationality and reasoning to find the rules of life. In practical matters I use wisdom and foresight as I act with enlightened self-interest, managing to avoid rash actions while staying optimistic, imaginative, and courageous in the face of obstacles. Tending to assume that everyone operates from a clear sense of their own values and positive character traits required by their role, I define ethical behavior as creating the greatest good by living out role responsibilities such as making responsible choices that benefit many different individuals at the same time. People who demonstrate strong leadership and encourage others to do the same exemplify ethical behavior in my eyes. The tools I use to analyze problems are experience and tradition. I see current situations in the light of experience and use a combination of intuition and imagination to incorporate new information and solve problems. I focus on what is going on in a situation, considering options that both reflect excellence in my role and make people happy. I consider multiple perspectives and am comfortable with ambiguity. I am self-reliant and accountable, not afraid to pursue my delights and freedom for all in my community. I am able to put myself in the shoes of others and tell their story. Ensuring that all have free will lessens the risk of reducing decisions to a narrow and purely financial cost-benefit analysis. Should my compassion fail I may believe that I am entitled to perks or privileges because of my role. If I fail to exercise free will responsibly, my pursuit of good for all can devolve into an excuse for taking as much for myself as I can get away with. If I become hard-hearted, I may apply capricious and inappropriate solutions. I may be prone to sudden unpredictable changes in attitude or behavior such as impulsiveness. I must develop the practice of mindfulness and reflection or I may face failure. I may lose friends because my acquisitiveness or obsession with responsibilities can drive them away. Ethical Lens Inventory Results My ethical lens directs my academic behavior in that I am able to see other people’s points of view with an open mind. I am able to put myself in their shoes to really

Schmidt Surname Meaning and Family History

Schmidt Surname Meaning and Family History The surname Schmidt is an occupational surname for blacksmith or metalworker, from the German word schmied or the Danish smed. Schmidt is the German equivalent of the English surname SMITH. SCHMITZ is another German variant of this surname. SCHMIDT is the 2nd most common German surname  and the 31st most common Danish surname. Surname Origin:  German, Danish Alternate Surname Spellings:   SCHMID, SCHMITT, SCHMITZ Famous People with the Surname SCHMIDT: Kendall Schmidt - American actor and singerOtto Schmidt - Soviet geophysicist and polar explorerHelmut Schmidt - Chancellor of West Germany from 1974–1982 Where is the SCHMIDT Surname Most Common? Despite its German origins, the SCHMIDT surname today is most prevalent in the United States, according  to surname distribution from  Forebears. It is more common  based on population percentage, however, in countries such as Austria (where it ranks 22nd in the nation), Denmark (31st), Greenland (41st), Switzerland (43rd) and  Liechtenstein (48th). According to  WorldNames PublicProfiler, Schmidt is found most frequently in Germany. The surname is common throughout the country, but used by the greatest number of individuals in Thà ¼ringen and Sachsen-Anhalt. Schmidt is also extremely common in  Sà ¸nderjylland (Southern Jutland), Denmark. Genealogy Resources for the Surname SCHMIDT: Common German Surnames Their MeaningsUncover the meaning of your German last name with this free guide to German surnames meanings and origins. Schmidt  Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Schmidt  family crest or coat of arms for the Schmidt surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. Smith DNA ProjectOver 2400 individuals with the Smith surname- including variations such as Schmidt, Smythe, Smidt and Smitz- have joined this DNA project to use DNA in combination with genealogy research to sort out over 220 distinct groups of Smith descendants. Schmidt Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Schmidt surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Schmidt query. FamilySearch - SCHMIDT GenealogyExplore over 3.6  million results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Schmidt surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. SCHMIDT Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Schmidt surname. DistantCousin.com - SCHMIDT  Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Schmidt. GeneaNet - Schmidt  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Schmidt  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Schmidt  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Schmidt  surname from the website of Genealogy Today.- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back toGlossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Database Secuirty Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Database Secuirty - Coursework Example As such, the company ought to put in place structures that will ensure information security in two main ways, (1) authentication and authorization, and (2) general policies and procedures. The firm’s database containing all information pertaining to tenants and other aspects of the business will be stored in two main servers. These servers will be accessible by all tenants and building managers. Every database user will have a login account that will allow them access to the database. There are two general types of accounts, (1) tenant accounts for tenants, and (2) manager accounts for building managers. Each account will determine the scope of information that the given user is allowed. While manager accounts will have administrator privileges, tenant accounts will have very limited access to the database. Each login account will have a password that will be created by each user upon creation of the account. A firewall is in essence a baseline control for the securing of any network environment of any enterprise. Routers are usually integrated with a firewall. Examples include software based packet filtration and Network Address Translation. A distinct firewall that is hardware based is recommended. This is due to the disturbing fact that hackers in this time and age employ advanced technology and methodologies that they use to breach networks. A good example of this is APT (Advanced Persistent Threats). These employ advanced phishing techniques and complex algorithms. The threat posed by such security menaces may damage a company’s reputation or compromise the integrity of its confidential information, causing it to lose clientele as banks would in the case where credit card numbers are leaked. The use of a firewall supplemented by an antivirus is not sufficient to ensure information security. An intrusion detection system will be put in place. An intrusion detection system is vital for the

Analyse and assess the factors behind the motivation of American Essay

Analyse and assess the factors behind the motivation of American soldiers in the Civil War - Essay Example In the reconstruction era most of the issues raised in the civil war were settled however, some of the issues remain unsolved but people got the solution of their major causes and problems1. The American Civil War has been regarded as one of the earliest industrial war fought in America. During the war mass produces weapons, railways, telegraphs streams and roadways were widely employed. It was also the deadliest war in the history of United States because over 620,000 soldiers were killed during the war and numbers of civilian casualties were also reported from all over the country. The war concluded with the desired outcomes for the North in term of termination of Confederacy and slavery. The demand of free men society was approved and all the slaves were freed from the slavery and were bestowed the rights to live freely in the country2. Factors behind the Motivation of Soldiers The identification of the factors behind the motivation of the soldiers to fight in the Civil war is an important issue that has been explored extensively by the historians and social scientists. The social and political situation of the country has been assessed in detail to understand the perspectives of people and soldiers. In addition to this, the letter, dairies and life stories of different soldiers participated in the war are also widely read and analyzed to understand their motive to take part in the war. Since, Civil War soldiers were the most literate soldiers in the war history they had strong intellectual base and thoughtful motivations behind their fight that they widely expressed through their letters and personal diaries3. Understanding the thinking style and direction of the Civil war soldiers is a complicated and challenging task that became easy by reading the diaries and letters of these soldiers. This understanding is very important to identify the factors that actually worked to motivate them at that time and to understand what the soldiers were thinking and feeli ng at the war time. Due to this reason, their personal writings have been regarded as most important source to list out the factor behind the motivation of soldiers during the civil war. The letters and dairies acted as major source to understand the thoughts and actions of the soldiers during the Civil war. On the basis of this analysis the historians and war experts have listed out numbers of factors that encouraged the soldiers to fight in the war. The American Civil War lasted for four years during which thousands of soldiers were dead but war was fueled by more soldiers came forward to take part in the war. There are several factors that motivated the soldiers to take part in the Civil war. Most of the soldiers participated in the Civil War were volunteer from the civilian life and they were not professional soldiers. They don’t have professional training of war but their motivation kept them fighting throughout the war just like the professionally trained soldiers. The motivation of the soldiers during the Civil war is a golden part of the political history of America because people were fighting for their cause with full dedication and potential. The traditional thoughts affirm that the soldiers were motivated to fight during the war by the factors like patriotism, ideology, religious issues and quest for glory however, the in depth studies have pointed out towards some close and real reasons

Does the EU have negative impacts on small states in the EU Does it Research Paper - 1

Does the EU have negative impacts on small states in the EU Does it fringe them The divide between the north and the south - Research Paper Example Additionally, it is hard to identify the similarities among the foreign policies of these small states. On the other hand, it is a challenge to enhance the influential factor on their international relations. It comes to a point that we need to plan and strategize what we know and what we need know to identify and understand the challenges facing the small states. This article confirms such doubts by giving answers to four questions: what is a small state according to the European Union? What is the behavior of a small state in the European state? What are challenges facing the small states in the European Union? What are the general effects of European Union on the small states in the European Union? This paper adopts the thesis statement that European developments have brought out many alterations on small states. However, these alterations occur in both positive and negative measures. Smaller states are in consideration because their economic development happens to less than compared to other bigger states such as Britain and France. Additionally, the population level in small states happen to be low than the bigger states. In most cases, such small states have less influence on the decisions made by European Union. Such happenings happen to be in existence because decisions made by European Union during different summits affect these small states in general. For example, the regulations set to regulate the interest levels have affected the small states both positively and negatively. This research is beneficial since it initiates better understanding on the policies affecting small states either positively or negatively. Additionally, this research identifies the major reasons as to why such small states are affected by the policy developments made by European Union. In general, the research will offer differential weight on the benefits and effects of policy development by the European Union to the small states. The relevant question at hand

HISTORY( read carefully and then start writing the paper) Essay

HISTORY( read carefully and then start writing the paper) - Essay Example Democracy in real sense does not have 1 singular meaning. It is made of parts or components in order for it to be complete. Many countries have not experienced democracy especially Africa, Middle East, some Asian nations and so on. In this essay I will dwell on America’s democracy, I will devour the origin and the steps it took in order to build up the democracy. Democracy is made up of four parts-: That is democracy as known by most Americans. Before all these freedoms that populace enjoy came about, there were processes. America has crawled for years to where it is now, and along the way it was fortunate enough to have presidents like Lincoln who by all might and wisdom had the guts to safeguard democracy when logic defied this. The civil war was democratic journey undertaken painfully. This Civil War of 1830s that was feared in America was a conflict between liberal and the conservative factions.   Each side had the potential of field militias and European-style armies.   The incredible similarity on the opposing sides, in each region, directed them into blood loss and bitterness. The conservatives and the liberals fought it out in 1830s. This war spread in every part of North America. However, the bloodiest fighting was centered in Mexico. Their enemy answers to the question revealed what those parties were actually fighting about:  Ã‚   That was in the 18th century, but the match to full democracy matched on to 21st century, martin Luther led a revolution of sorts in fighting for equality, it was also bloody and unethical but the match had to continue. This was done in pursuance of the above named components which we can say, they have been achieved. For democracy to exist some cultural beliefs, such as the responsibility of women in society and the role of the poor in society, had to change indefinitely (Richard & Gaston, 56-58). Back then around 18th the rich were gods while the poor were not viewed as people

Performance Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Performance Management - Essay Example With the help of this system a company motivates its employees to delivery good performance. Retail sales associate are very important part of retail business. They directly interact with the customers and contribute a lot in satisfying them. Sale of a retail company highly depends on the behavior and approaches of its sales associate. Performance of retail sales associates is influenced by their skills. Job description of a retail sales associate helps the business in hiring desirable salespersons. The theory of organizational behavior modification (OBM) involves with changing behavior of the organizational members and their performances. This theory considers two important things which influence the performance of the employees. As per this theory a behavior which produces positive effects or consequence tends to become repeated. The organizational members become motivated to perform that specific type of behavior which helps them to get some positive results. Another thing which influences the performance of the employees is the behavior of the seniors towards them. The senior organizational members like managers, team leaders can change or influence the behavior of the employees by giving punishment or rewards to them. In the retail business for delivering successful job, sales associate needs to have some key behaviors which help them in achieving the goals and objectives of the business. These key behavioral factors are as follows: Confidence: The sales associate needs to very confident for performing their job. Sales associates need to interact with the customers directly. If they are confident about what they are saying and about their knowledge then they can convince the customers easily. It is easy for the sales associate to influence the customers with their high confidence level. Customers tend to trust the sales associate who are confident about themselves. The company can modify the confidence level of its sales associates by giving

HISTORY( read carefully and then start writing the paper) Essay

HISTORY( read carefully and then start writing the paper) - Essay Example Democracy in real sense does not have 1 singular meaning. It is made of parts or components in order for it to be complete. Many countries have not experienced democracy especially Africa, Middle East, some Asian nations and so on. In this essay I will dwell on America’s democracy, I will devour the origin and the steps it took in order to build up the democracy. Democracy is made up of four parts-: That is democracy as known by most Americans. Before all these freedoms that populace enjoy came about, there were processes. America has crawled for years to where it is now, and along the way it was fortunate enough to have presidents like Lincoln who by all might and wisdom had the guts to safeguard democracy when logic defied this. The civil war was democratic journey undertaken painfully. This Civil War of 1830s that was feared in America was a conflict between liberal and the conservative factions.   Each side had the potential of field militias and European-style armies.   The incredible similarity on the opposing sides, in each region, directed them into blood loss and bitterness. The conservatives and the liberals fought it out in 1830s. This war spread in every part of North America. However, the bloodiest fighting was centered in Mexico. Their enemy answers to the question revealed what those parties were actually fighting about:  Ã‚   That was in the 18th century, but the match to full democracy matched on to 21st century, martin Luther led a revolution of sorts in fighting for equality, it was also bloody and unethical but the match had to continue. This was done in pursuance of the above named components which we can say, they have been achieved. For democracy to exist some cultural beliefs, such as the responsibility of women in society and the role of the poor in society, had to change indefinitely (Richard & Gaston, 56-58). Back then around 18th the rich were gods while the poor were not viewed as people

Managing Oil Price Risk with Derivatives Coursework

Managing Oil Price Risk with Derivatives - Coursework Example VIII. RECOMMENDATIONS 44 Bibliography 46 FIGURES Figure Page 1.0 World Oil Consumption by Region, 1970-2020 13 2.0 Increments in Oil Consumption by Region, 1970-2020 14 3.0 OPEC Oil Production 1973-2007 15 ABBREVIATIONS CFTC Commodities Futures Trading Commission GAO United States Government Accountability Office IEA International Energy Agency ICE International Exchange NYMEX New York Mercantile Exchange OPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries OTC Over-the-Counter WTO World Trade Organization Section I: INTORDUCTION In the 21st century, oil prices are once again exhibiting an increased trend towards volatility since the last noticeable price hikes in the 70s and the 80s. There is no denying the fact that oil prices tend to be more volatile then any other commodity and thus could have a considerable impact on the economy of a nation. Therefore the developed and the developing countries are desperately...It is difficult to say whether this volatility will continue through 2009 or the things will revert back to the placid levels of 1986-2003 periods. The governments and financial institutions around the world are trying hard to come out with the instruments and the devices to control the risks imposed by the oil price volatility in the contemporary scenario. In that context, derivates could play a pivotal role in insulating the economies against oil price fluctuations. This paper intends to elaborate on how the oil price risks can be managed with derivatives. In the 21st century, oil prices are once again exhibiting an increased trend towards volatility since the last noticeable price hikes in the 70s and the 80s. There is no denying the fact that oil prices tend to be more volatile then any other commodity and thus could have a considerable impact on the economy of a nation. Therefore the developed and the developing countries are desperately resorting to all the strategies at their disposal, be it the price smoothing schemes, encouraging diversification, price control or fuel tax manipulations to tame the volatile oil prices (Bacon & Kojimi 2008).

Classic knitwear Essay Example for Free

Classic knitwear Essay INTRODUCTION Classic Knitwear was established in 1995 as a manufacturer and distributor of unbranded casual knit apparel it was operated by Brandon Miller- Chief Marketing Officer, Robert Ortiz-CEO and Sandra Chong-CFO. Classic operated in the category of non-fashion casual knitwear, all the revenues were earned on U.S. sales. Seventy five percent of classic revenues were by screen-print channels (customized t-shirts and other knitwear with logos of everything from rock bands to small businesses to tourist destinations), the other twenty five percent was sold through mass retail channel as a private-label merchandise. By late 2005, Millers marketing team began researching a number of proposed product innovations. In February 2006 they landed on an interesting prospect: knitwear treated chemically to repel insects. After this the team set out to analyze the viability of a new national brand of high-quality mens and boys insect-repellent shirts. The opportunity arose to negotiate a licensing partnership with Guardian, a manufacturer of insect repellents that offered odorless protection against mosquitoes, ticks, flies and no-see ums. The potential alliance would allow Classic to use the Guardian name on a line of insect repellent shirts. PRODUCT-COMPANY FIT Guardian Brand had a patented insect-repellant clothing technology. And the product was very innovative, this gives them a good market potential. The opportunity of the market potential combined with the production efficiency of the company, could make a sustainable competitive advantage They had a cost advantage over the other US producers because of the high-volume and low SKU (stock keeping unit) production runs. With the new Repellent knitwear the SKU will have 16 and they probably had to deal with inefficiency problems on the production. PRODUCT-MARKET FIT Classic operated in the category if non-fashion casual knitwear which represented $24.5 billion. From the total of the non-fashion casual knitwear marketing, T-shirts represented a fifty third percent. Due to its focus on the screen-print sector Classic invested more heavily in t-shirts than in the overall industry. The direct competitors of Classic were little-known firms like BB Activewear and The Big Tree. Also had competitors for private label business, JamesBrands was the leader, followed by FlowerKnit and Greenville Corporations TopTops Division, this three firms operated on gross margin of 30 40% RESPONSE OF THE TRADE AND CONSUMERS The retailers were provided with 50% margin on branded knitwear and 40% margin on private label knitwear with the new product will provide 45% margin. The company has a projection on sales for 10,000 displays in the next two years after the product is first offered to the market, they decided to put 50% in discount stores, 25% in general merchandise stores and 25% in sporting goods and apparel clothes. They need to invest a considerable  amount of money in resources to help them develop the channel, because they had no experience in those retail channels. They had made a research with an online survey they send one thousand e-mail invitations to the people from the website Consumer.com to answer the survey and they got one hundred and eighty five respondents. And based on the results 60% of the respondents who indicated they would definitely try the product, would do so within the two-year introduction period. Also the company predicted that at least 50% would buy an additional shirt the following year. MARKETING PROGRAM They decided not to include the name of Classic Knitwear on the product; it will be called Guardian Apparel. Also they havent done an extensive market research, they are just based on the survey, and probably the numbers wont be fully reliable for making big decisions. LICENSE AGREEMENT The agreement forced Classic Guardian to meet a series of steadily rising annual net sales target over the first four years, and the target fir year four must be met in each subsequent year. If they failed to meet the requirements the license would be cancelled. There are weaknesses in the branding of the product one of the most relevant is that only guardian logo is being used on the product, this might create problems for Classic if there is any conflict between the companies in the future. The determined marketing investment has been reduced to $3 million from the initial of $8-$10 million.

Wabi Sabi And Tadao Ando

Wabi Sabi And Tadao Ando We can easily now conceive of a time when there will be only one culture and one civilization on the entire surface of the earth. I dont believe this will happen, because there are contradictory tendencies always at work on the one hand towards homogenization and on the other towards new distinctions. In the 1970s and 80s, architecture in Japan was developed as a quick imitation of some indistinct international style or much worse disneyfication of Japanese cities littered with out-of-place, or downright quirky, architecture. Attempts to be creative were easily blurred by sublimated ideas from pre-WWII period, as Japanese architects are lost in translating Western aesthetic forms for a Japanese public. Likewise attempts to be traditional remains most often restricted to the production of experimental skyscrapers with cut-outs and occasional pagoda roofs (note: need to find examples, images). Many Japanese architects of that period struggle to establish an identity for themselves in an increasingly homogeneous world (Isozaki, 2011: 35) Asahi Beer Building, Asakusa district, Tokyo, by renown product designer Phillip Strack, 1989. The same struggle is evident at the beginning of Tadao Andos career as he seeks to reconcile aspects of modern construction with aspects of Japanese tradition. His travels to the West in his late 20s, taught him extensively on the precedents of modern masters such as Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe and Louis Kahn (Dal Co, 1997). Yet, remarkably, Ando has never been described as a neo-Corbusian, a neo-Miesian, or a neo-Kahnian. His concrete surfaces have textures as smooth and delicate as fine Japanese craftwork. His compositions are spare and clean. By these means, Andos architecture embraces a contemplative, ascetic realm of stillness and abstraction. His works embodies a rare mastery of materials and light that seeks to reconnect mankind with nature, with a monastic sense of plainness. Kenneth Frampton in his essay Tadaos Andos Critical Modernism (Frampton, 1984) further celebrates Tadao Ando as a critical regionalist. So, how did Ando overcome his struggle for an identity? To answer this question, this dissertation begins with a look back into Japanese history. In the region of Kansai during the 16th century, the warlord Toyotomi Hideyoshi and his protà ©gà ©, tea master Sen No Rikyu, laid the foundation for the discipline of wabi-sabi: a strict adherence to the virtues of simplicity, poverty and modesty, in direct resistance to the unrefined pretention of wealth. It also reflects the dissatisfaction with institutional power and resistance to tyranny. Osaka, Kansais regional capital, is Tadao Andos native city. Thus, by birth and inclination, it is no coincidence that he belongs to wabi-sabi aesthetic which is still alive today, as do many of his clients. This dissertation therefore argues, for the first time, that the fundamental key to understanding Andos capacity for abstraction must be found in wabi-sabi aesthetics. This argument may best be illustrated by a comparison of his work with that of Sen no Rikyu (1522-91), one of the greatest of all tea ceremony masters, and an important architect of tea ceremony pavilions. This dissertation will then further discuss the role of wabi-sabi in making Ando a critical regionalist. By briefly exploring the concept of critical regionalism , its importance in contemporary architecture discourses and its criticism, the dissertation shall further reflect upon how Critical Regionalism functions within Japanese culture, in which its architectural past is often more of abstraction rather than physical. Wabi-sabi: A Context The Japanese aesthetic tradition, like any other cultural tradition, encompasses diverse tastes and arts. They range from the ordinariness of Noh theatre to the lavishness of Kabuki theatre, the severity of monochrome brush ink paintings to the opulence of gold-gilded screen paintings, and the simple rusticity of tea huts to the august majesty of castles. Among the variety of aesthetic pursuits, one theme stands out for being somewhat unconventional. It is a celebration of qualities commonly regarded as falling short of, or deteriorating from the optimal condition of the object (De Mente, 2006). While such works may appear somewhat homely and rough, at the same time they impart a sense of elegance and tranquillity, a kind of unsophisticated sophistication, like the moon obscured by clouds. (Koren, 1994). This study will refer to this Japanese aesthetics of the imperfection and insufficiency as wabi-sabi. The discussion in this chapter will briefly review the aesthetic, social, historical, and philosophical dimensions of this Japanese aesthetic taste. Wabi and sabi Wabi is derived from the verb wabu (to deteriorate) and the adjective wabishii (solitary, comfortless). The essence of wabi has been described as nonattachment and subtle profundity (De Mente, 2006: 45). The nonattachment essence of a wabi is part of the Zen School of Buddhism that teaches detachment from all material things and the ability to experience the essence of things (Koren, 1994: 12). On the other hand, the original meaning of sabi is rust or patina, but it also connotes loneliness and desolation as reflected in the adjective sabishii (lonely), particularly with reference to old age (1994: 13). Koren (1994: 21) primarily suggests wabi-sabi as the most conspicuous and characteristic feature of what we think of as traditional Japanese beauty, comparing its importance in Japanese aesthetics to the Greek ideals of beauty and perfection in the West. The essence of wabi aesthetic is perhqaps best captured in Sen No Ryikus words: never forget that the way of tea is nothing more than boiling water, making tea and drinking tea. And the tea ceremony conducted in the smallest of spaces serves primarily the practice of meditation and its goal is enlightenment. Originally, the meanings of neither wabi nor sabi were specifically related to aesthetic qualities. The development of the wabi-sabi aesthetic began in earnest during the Kamakura Period (1185-1333) coinciding with the spread of Zen Buddhism in Japan (Koren 1994: 12). Zen ideas about transcending the mundane world and conventional ways of looking at things through concepts like emptiness, impermanence and renunciation inspired a kind of appreciation of negative experiences such as old age, poverty and loneliness (Suzuki, 1972: 42). Hermits, priests and poets leading a solitary wandering life in search of spiritual insight incorporated this sense of appreciation in their works and teachings. As these ideas gained momentum, people tried to resign themselves to the sufferings of life and began to see a kind of beauty in them. Expressed in artistic forms, this in turn evolved into the aesthetic appreciation of wabi-sabi (Koren, 1994:14). Later, the development of the tea ceremony in the 16th century marks an important step in the evolution of wabi-sabi. Sen no Rikyu, credited with establishing the tea ceremony in its current form, was also influential in establishing wabi-sabi as an aesthetic concept (Okakura, 2005: 33). He extolled the use of simple, indigenous home-style tea utensils over the expensive and highly decorative tea utensils imported from China, placing objects expressing wabi-sabi at the pinnacle of aesthetic appreciation (2005:34). Initially, these new aesthetics could only be discovered in the humble utensils used by the common people, or in a neglected stone lantern overgrown with moss. However, as time progressed, design works were intentionally created to reflect wabi-sabi, for example, raku earthenware tea bowls or the design of the tea-house, which took on the style of a simple rural hut, with space inside for only two tatami mats (around 3.5m ²) (De Mente, 2006:45). Futhermore in art and design, two other elements that are often associated with sabi objects are asymmetry and austerity. Kakuzo Okakura (2005:15), the Japanese tea master, labelled this asymmetry beauty as the art of imperfection. Surprises are achieved by the unbalanced by the apparent randomness of things that allows the observer to complete the image. This stands in contrast to the Western compulsion to symmetry and mathematical balance, leaving no surprises and nothing for the viewer to add. Also worth nothing is that in modern Japan, the definition of a wabi-sabi style of living evolves into the elimination of things which that are inessential. The tranquillity aspect of wabi dictates a look and feel that radiates an aura of calm and solace. The natural aspect of sabi results from avoiding machination of any sort. This includes making an object or area look as if it were created by nature, not by human or machine (Koren, 1994). Wabi-sabi and Tadao Ando [further writing here on Tadao Andos background and why Tadao Ando: his significance in Japanese architecture since the 1980s] Several themes related to wabi-sabi can be identified in Andos works, and these will be discussed under the following distinct but interrelated headings: light, overlapping spaces and materials. This study will engage the expression of these themes through the analysis of his better known works, alongside an examination of similar principles in traditional Japanese exemplars. Light The spaces in Andos works are typified by light within darkness. Common features among Ando works are their meditative calmness and dimness. While describing Andos Church of Light in Ibaraki, Jodidio (2004) sums it up: If the enclosed world is a microcosm, the shaft of sunlight penetrating it is a ray of hope rendered vivid by the enclosure and the surrounding darkness. On the other hand, the fragile beauty of shadows that marked the Japanese cultural identity, as were praised by novelist Junichiro Tanizaki (1977), are utilised by Ando to infuse his buildings with an uncanny mood which enrich the void with darkness. In Andos Shiba Ryotaro Memorial Museum in Higashiosaka, visitors experience a space saturated with a heavy darkness, yet made significant by the sudden burst of light in the south-west elevation. Spatial Enclosure Though set in an urban environment, in true spirit of wabi-sabi, Andos buildings strive for the mood of a mountain retreat. Andos buildings are often described as an enclosed world, shut off from the exterior environment (Jodidio 2004:10). It shuts out the exterior world but introduces nature, in symbolic form. The symbolic representation of nature is a major expression of wabi-sabi aesthetic, and is prevalent in all Japanese art. One outstanding example is the Zen rock gardens of the Ryoan-ji, a 13th century Buddhist temple in Kyoto, where stones and white sand are used to depict islands and the sea. In Andos Hyogo Prefectural Museum of Art, near Kobe, visitors are greeted with a deceptively closed, minimalist volume of raw concrete. Dal Co (1997:125) describes the form of the museum as one which is radically new, yet there is still the old feeling of seclusion, of an architecture that creates another world remote from the everyday. He further describes the overall spatial structure is as closed to the outside yet open within, the former tempered by a few slits and the latter by layered planes (1997:125). One can argue that this is suggestive of the wabi-sabi approach in older, traditional Japanese architecture, where buildings are enclosed with a simple mud wall and made inwardly porous by layered screens. Hyogo Prefectural Museum of Art, outside Kobe Thus, spaces which overlap and figuratively fold in on each other add depth and richness to the composition and stimulate excitement and expectation in the person experiencing the space. The effect is achievable through the approach to the building. For example, the approach to a tea ceremony pavilion often leads through a garden space called a roji. This is exemplified in tea-ceremony huts in Kyotos Katsura Imperial Villa, one of Japans best known architectural heritage. In the course of traversing this garden, the visitor must pass through several gates, usually designed delicately and minimally, before finally reaching the pavilion where the tea ceremony will be performed. Detours are deliberately included in the stepping-stone walkway to generate similar anticipation and excitement. The same kind of indirect approach is characteristic of Andos buildings. Materials Traditional Japanese house architecture often employs unfinished logs, simply split bamboo, and walls made of clay with an admixture of chopped straw, as in Katsuras tea-ceremony hut. One can notice that materials were deliberately used without finishes for the sake of creating an aesthetically pure, ideal world of sobriety, calm and refined rusticity (Okakura, 2005). One can conclude that designers of tea ceremony architecture carefully selected only those materials conducive to production of a microcosm compatible with the aesthetics of wabi. Designers of such architecture tend to use natural materials, to have them look as natural as possible, and to employ muted -almost monochrome colour schemes. One could argue that Andos works severely limits the range of interior colours. In Andos buildings one could observe almost entirely unfinished concrete with the exception of floors and furnishings, which are of natural materials. Window sashes, which, though steel, are always painted gray, never bright self-assertive colours. This approach used both by designers of tea ceremony buildings and by Ando, is determined by a concern for the materials themselves and for spatial composition (Baek, 2008). Furthermore, in the spaces in Andos works, one can observe the same peaceful, almost desolate spirit of wabi-sabi that informs the design of a teahouse or lonely mountain temple. Apart from warm touches of wooden flooring and nature beyond, every surface of concrete, steel or mass presents a chilly monotonous grey. These black-and-white tonalities are distinctly Japanese, apparent in traditional buildings in silvery roof tiles, grey-weathered boards, neutral plaster and white paper screens. Tadao Andos Critical Modernism This chapter of the dissertation begins with a brief overview of critical regionalism, its importance in contemporary architecture discourse in Japan, and the criticisms against. Building on the discussion of wabi-sabi in chapters before, the chapter further discusses the role of wabi-sabi in making Ando a critical regionalist. Critical regionalism and Japan In history, regionalism is a manifested concept since the times of the Romans. Regional variations has been extensively discussed in Vitruvius treaties De Architectura (Ten Books on Architecture). The Romantics further propounded picturesque regionalism during the 19th and early 20th century. (Nesbitt 1996: 486) Critical regionalism, on the other hand, was first coined as an architectural concept in the early 1980s in essays by Alexander Tzonis, Liane Lefaivre and, subsequently, Kenneth Frampton. Tadao Andos works are situated within this backdrop of a newly defined focus on regionalism. This new focus is seen as a reaction to the authority of modernism and the imitating scenography of postmodernism, both of which were thought to have failed to address the human condition in their extreme stances towards historicism. The core question which arises is how to become modern and to return to sources?. In their 1981 article The Grid and the Pathway, Tzonis and Lefaivre hypothesise critical regionalism as the solution. In the context of architecture in Greece, they defined the term critical regionalism as the third and latest type of regionalism, following the English picturesque of nationalist regionalism, and the Neoclassical historicist regionalism. They further argued that modern architecture is impersonal and monolithic, destroying the humanistic qualities in architectural expression which would be reinstated by a new form of regionalism. (Tzonis Lefaivre, 1981) Frampton later followed their lead in propounding critical regionalism. In his 1983 seminal essay Towards a Critical Regionalism, he embeds the concept with a higher sense of urgency and highlights its critical nature against placeless monotony. Frampton saw critical regionalism exemplified by Jà ¸rn Utzons Bagsvaerd Church (1973-76) near Copenhagen, which represents, according to Frampton, a self-conscious synthesis of universal civilization and world culture. The combination of universal elements like the concrete outer shell of the church, with an organic and individualistic interior and a roof shape reminiscent of pagodas as a reference to world culture, make, in the eyes of Frampton, this architecture simultaneously resistant and modern (Frampton, 1983: 16) This resistance, one could argue, is also apparent in 1980s Japan in the midst of an economic boom. There exists a typified reaction against universal standards, western culture homogenisation and placeless modernism, but at the same time the reaction is critical in its outlook. Likewise, one could also argue that critical regionalism in Japan is self-evaluating such that it is confrontational with not only the world but also to itself. Although the Japanese (like the Chinese) had developed doctrines relatively early that emphasised the necessity of space essence, ma, and Western functionality and aimed, at least sporadically, at a reconciliation of Chinese and Western elements in architecture, regionalism has never been established as a critical architectural movement (Isozaki, 2001: 131). (note: further elaboration needed) On the contrary, Peter Eisenman argued there is no tradition of resistance in Asia. Thus, he concludes, rendering architecture in Asia, in principle, conservative and accommodating. Eisenman refers to the importance attributed to critical thinking in late 18th century Europe developed, in particular, by Kant and Giovanni Battista Piranesi that strongly contributed to the formation of a critical consciousness among European architects. Eisenman pointed out that such tradition cannot be traced in Asia. (Eisenman, 1995) (note: further elaboration needed) Tadao Ando: a wabi-sabi Critical Regionalist Frampton celebrates Tadao Ando as a critical regionalist. This is most evident in his essay Tadaos Andos Critical Modernism (Frampton, 1984) in which Frampton uses the label to discuss Andos architecture One of Framptons criteria for critical regionalism is a direct dialectical relation with nature, a dialog with the environment that Andos architecture embodies in the articulation of structure through the changing impact of terrain. This is exemplified in Andos Chikatsu-Asuka Museum outside Osaka. The work is characterised by the valley which surrounds the site. Ando decisively situated the museum on the severe slopes to make it a quiet building standing quietly in nature (Ando, 1989a: 46). In contrast to the modernist clean slate approach of levelling the site, Andos approach is in true adherence to the spirit of wabi-sabi of preserving the tectonic quality of the nature. In Chikatsu-Asuka, the work is tactile, another component of Framptons (1983:28) definition which resides in the fact that (the building) can only be decoded in terms of experience itself. Indeed, Ando professes that a building exists to be seen and experienced and not to be talked about (eds. Knabe Noennig, 1999: 118). It could also be argued that, in abidance to the tenets of wabi-sabi, Ando is seeking to tackle the tactile range of human perception. This romanticised emotion of wabi-sabi can be seen in the way Ando describes his buildings and context, which he refers to as cruel urban surroundings (Ando, 1997:12). As discussed earlier, within his territorial walls and spatial enclosure, Ando is determined to establish a natural, Zen-like relationship between the person, material and natural phenomena. His works are designed to be experienced in body and spirit. (eds. Knabe Noennig, 1999: 118) At the same time, Ando often speaks of the spirit and emotional contents which he has translated from the Japanese vernacular and the richness of the tradition of sukiya1 and minka2 which is lost in urban chaos and economic growth (Ando, 1982). In fact, his architecture is largely influenced by the nostalgia of his childhood memories: We all have had certain experiences in our childhood that have stayed with us for our entire lives. The house that I grew up in was very important to me à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ It is very long, and when you come in from the street you walk through a corridor and then into a small courtyard and then another long space that takes you deeper into the house. The courtyard is very important because the house is very long and the amount of light is very limited. Light is very precious à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Living in a space like that, where light and darkness are constantly interacting, was a critical experience for me. (Auping, 2002: 22) Ando (Auping, 2002: 22) speaks of himself, I value cultural treasures and would like to develop them in a creative way, revealing his, and many Japanese architects, fondness for cultural artefacts and a related lament at the loss of such an environment due to unrelenting urban development. On the other hand, the argument that posits Ando as a critical regionalist lies in this very statement by Frampton (1995:12), in which Ando is described as at once both an unequivocally modern architect and a figure whose values lie embedded in some archaic moment. In the same text, he further argued that Ando is committed to some other time before the machinations of progress has turned into an every present nemesis. Hence, one can conclude that Ando is critically opposed of the chaotic Japanese urban context and reproduction traditional Japanese physical elements. In his work there are none. One can hardly find the traditional open pavilion, bare timber skeleton, deeply overhanging roofs, or sliding shoji doors of spotless white paper (Jodidio, 2004: 21). Nevertheless Ando has transmuted these properties into something new, grounding his architecture in an ancient culture while freeing it of depiction. Wabi-sabi as a representation Japanese architectural identity. One could argue, like wabi-sabi itself, the notion of Japanese identity is perceived sensually rather than visually. Notes Sukiya is a type of Japanese architectural style. It can be literally translated as sophisticated, cultivated experience, often a reference to delight of the elegantly performed tea-ceremony. Minka are private dwellings of farmers, artisans, and merchants, constructed in traditional Japanese building styles. Illustration credits Leonard Koren, from his book Wabi-Sabi for Artists, Designers, Poets Philosophers, fig. 2-3 Author, fig. 1, 4-10 Word count 3493

Importance of Training and Mentoring :: Human Resource Employee Improvement Strategy

Importance of Training and Mentoring The management is committed to training and development in the field of industrial cleaning and sanitation industry. These two components are part of our culture, and we believe that the way to fulfill this commitment is to provide training for new and current employees. For this reason, we have implemented a new training program with a mentor base. We recognize the value of mentoring as an important instrument of organizational learning. Mentoring provides an opportunity for successful individuals to share knowledge and to advise employees. This interactive mechanism will not only enhance the skills of the sales team but will also enhance professional and career skills of employees. Our goal is to provide our employees with reliable mentors. Our mentors have strong knowledge of and professional expertise in their fields. The mentors will help employees learn to handle various situations, enhance their developmental skills, and avoid some of the pitfalls that can potentially sidetra ck a career or delay promotion opportunities. Mentoring also has the potential of broadening skills, experience, and expertise through the organization. Our training program is based on a method that provides employees the skills they will need to perform their job. For example, the program will teach a new salesperson how to sell our products, or a new supervisor will learn how to fill out the company’s weekly payroll timesheet. Our sales team is considered one of the best teams in the industry, with higher production numbers, customer service, and community service. In the same line we want our training program to be the best. We believe that, as a means for you as our employee to expand into a winning professional, two types of schooling in business and interpersonal maturity should be in place. We understand that business is important. However, the success of a business is contingent on our employees’ personal and professional development. We want our employees to have fun in their daily work and in their training. Objective of the Training The reason for the training program is to pair the trainee with a mentor in order for the trainee to become more knowledgeable about the products and services that we provide. With a mentor, the trainee has instant access to a person who can answer questions and concerns. The training program provides the trainee with other important information including the following: the company history, features and benefits, compliance standards, contract related training, computer/software training, leadership training, customer service, communication, and regulations.

Analysis of Tchaikovskys Swan Lake Essay -- Music Ballet

Tchaikovsky is one of the most popular of all composers. The reasons are several and understandable. His music is extremely tuneful, opulently and colourfully scored, and filled with emotional passion. Undoubtedly the emotional temperature of the music reflected the composer's nature. He was afflicted by both repressed homosexuality and by the tendency to extreme fluctuations between ecstasy and depression. Tchaikovsky was neurotic and deeply sensitive, and his life was often painful, but through the agony shone a genius that created some of the most beautiful of all romantic melodies. With his rich gifts for melody and special flair for writing memorable dance tunes, with his ready response to the atmosphere of a theatrical situation and his masterly orchestration, Tchaikovsky was ideally equipped as a ballet composer. His delightful fairy-tale ballets, Swan Lake, The Sleeping Beauty and The Nutcracker are performed more than any other ballets. Swan Lake, Tchaikovsky's first ballet, was commissioned by the Imperial Theatres in Moscow in 1875. He used some music from a little domestic ballet of the same title, composed for his sister Alexandra's children in 1871. Swan Lake tells the story of Prince Siegfied, who sees the Odette, the Queen of Swans, become a beautiful maiden whilst he is out hunting wild swans. She explains that she is under the spell of the wicked magician, Von Rothbart, and is condemned to live as a swan by day, and a human by night. Only when a man swears to love her and no other, forever, the spell will be broken. Siegfried declares his love, but at a ball the following evening, he is tricked into asking Odile, the magician's daughter, to marry him. Von Rothbart makes her look like Odette, but dressed in... ...chestral introduction with an imperfect cadence. A strong rhythmic  ¾ allegro passage, with sequences and descending scales is played by the orchestra, with timpani and cymbals. The music modulates, and a short, quiet woodwind passage is then alternated with an orchestral passage with dotted rhythms, creating a `terraced dynamics' effect. Part B begins with a major clarinet melody accompanied by pizzicato strings. A minor flute sequence follows, and is followed by a repetition of the oboe melody. A string sequence is then played, imitated by the oboe. There is a crescendo, then the rhythmic orchestral melody returns, alternated with a short flute passage. There are suspensions, descending scales and a crescendo, followed by a strong rhythmic passage with the timpani playing on the beat. Imperfect cadences are played, before the piece finishes with a perfect cadence.

Predictive Policing Essay

Information Technology, or IT, is the study, design, creation, utilization, support, and management of computer-based information systems, especially software applications and computer hardware. Information technology is not limited solely to computers, but other devices such as mobile phones, PDAs and other handheld devices. The field of IT is quickly moving from compartmentalized computer-focused areas to other forms of mobile technology. (â€Å"Information Technology,† 2011) Over the last decade, computer and telecommunications technologies have developed at a surprising rate. Increased computing power, advances in data transmission, smart and user-friendly graphic interfaces present law enforcement agencies with unprecedented capacity to collect, store, analyze and share data with stakeholders inside and outside of government. Ultimately, information technology represents a tool to help local law enforcement achieve its broadened and increasingly complex missions. (Reichert, 2001) Using information technology to fight crime by the police officers is becoming increasingly effective in apprehending the crime perpetrators. Historically, technological innovation has served as the substance for intense changes in the organization of police work and has presented both opportunities and challenges to police and other criminal justice practitioners, according to Janet Chan, a social scientist who has studied how information technology affects the way police do their jobs. 1 Noting that . information is the stock-in- trade of policing,. Chan has identified three general imperatives driving law enforcement’s evening investment in information technology. Using information technology in policing has add that more efficiency to the police department. Comparing the old-fashioned way of patrolling the streets to combat crime to then use them of using technology to predict the crime area and patrolling in advance deters crimes from happening. There are many advantages associated with using information technology in policing. Comparative analysis shows that using information technology (IT) to combat crime has save lot of resources and time in the police department. There are a number of other advantages that can be associated with the use of information technology in the police department. For instance they use of Automated Field Reporting System by the police department has eradicated the use of hand writing of reports at the field by the Police Officers. Officers completed handwritten incident reports in the field and submitted them at the end of a shift to a field supervisor. After reviewing and approving reports, field supervisors would send them to a central repository for filing, usually in the department’s records section. Personnel in the records section were responsible for distributing copies to other units in the department, such as the appropriate investigative unit, and entering information from the incident reports into a database. Depending on the specific system at a police department, the incident report process could take days, or even weeks, from the time the report was written to its availability in a database. The AFRS had saved Polices from going through all these processes. Even the time of going back to the office to submit the report has been saved by the police officers. The use of information technology makes the police officers to be able to know where a crime may potentiality happen, and their presence ahead of time help prevent the crime. Whereas random patrolling has the potential of missing the crimes area and that give criminals the leeway to perpetrate their criminal act. Using technology by the police helps them to arrive at the crime scene as early as practicable; this helps the offices to trace the criminals and apprehend them. It’s called â€Å"Predictive Policing† a program which Capt. Sean Malinowski says puts officers on the scene before crimes occur. â€Å"Sixty-five percent of our crimes are burglary, grand theft auto and burglary from a motor vehicle† Malinowski said. â€Å"And that’s what these boxes represent. † â€Å"The real measure of this is not how many people you catch it is how much crime you prevent,† said Beck. â€Å"I love catching people — it’s what I live for — but what I’d rather do is live in a place and work in a place where crime didn’t happen.† These include inputs, processing, output, and feedback. Inputs are collected in a form of data. The departments of the Police depends upon police incident and arrest reports for their crime data, but they also used computer-aided dispatch (CAD) data to aid identify geographic hot spots. In Minneapolis, officer debriefings of suspects were an additional feature of the information/data-gathering process. The Compstat process began when an officer filled out an incident/arrest report that he or she then hands to a commanding officer for approval. Once approved, a data clerk, who is located in the district, or in headquarters, enters crime information from the reports into a records management system (RMS). At this point the analysts in the Crime Analysis Unit (CAU) selected the data on the crimes that were regularly presented at Compstat meetings and entered them into a computer database. using a data management program, either MS Excel or MS Access. The main field research techniques we used were participation, observation, and formal interviews with city officials and police at various levels in the chain of command. At each site, researchers observed weekly or biweekly Compstat meetings and interviewed city and police department personnel. These included the mayor, city manager, chief, civilian staff, middle managers or district commanders, captains, lieutenants, detectives, first-line supervisors or sergeants, and patrol officers. District commanders previously relied heavily upon reading daily crime reports to identify problems and patterns, and they supplemented this information with personal experience and subjective evidence. The data is then analyzed and processed to make more meaningful. In conducting intensive field research, the police officers are especially interested in attaining detailed information on the role of Compstat-generated data and in learning about the â€Å"scanning† part of the problem-identification process. How were problems analyzed, and how were tactics reviewed and selected? What was the scope of the treatment developed to deal with a Compstat identified problem, in terms of the resources mobilized to deal with it? Was there a reorganization or mobilization of resources to address the problem, or was it handled merely by the routines of individuals or units already assigned to these duties? How were rank-and file officers involved in this process, if at all? Were specific officers or patrol units made accountable for addressing problems? How much follow-through was there on these initiatives? Data-driven problem identification and assessment: Compstat has significantly enhanced management and analysis of data. Examining crime maps and reviewing summary statistics was not essential to this process. Crime data helped inform but did not drive decision making.

Dental Abscess And Anatomy Health And Social Care Essay

Abscesss are normally caused by specific micro-organisms that invade the tissues, frequently by manner of little lesions or interruptions in the tegument. An abscess is a natural defence mechanism in which the organic structure attempts to place an infection and â€Å" palisade off † the micro-organisms so that they can non distribute throughout the organic structure. There are at least three types of alveolar consonant abscesses that resemble each other. It is their point of beginning that differentiates them. A gum or gingival abscess is the consequence of hurt to, or infection of, the surface of the gum tissue. If an infection moves deep into gum pockets, drainage of Pus is blocked and a periodontic abscess consequences. A periapical abscess refers to a tooth in which the mush is infected, normally secondary to tooth decay.Causes and Risk Factors of Dental AbscessesAn abscess may happen when bacteriums invades the dental mush ( the nervousnesss and blood vass that fill the cardinal pit of the tooth ) , doing the mush to decease. This most normally happens as a consequence of dental cavities, which destroy the tooth ‘s enamel and dentin, leting bacteriums to make the mush. Bacteria can besides derive entree to the mush when a tooth is injured. Failure to handle an septic dental nervus normally leads to breakdown of the bone around the root with the formation of an abscess or pit filled with Pus. The abscess is called ague or chronic, depending on how quickly it forms and how efficaciously the organic structure defends itself. An acute abscess is characterized by hurting, swelling, and febrility. A chronic abscess may be painless, with the patient wholly incognizant of its presence even as it continues to turn inside the lower jaw. Or the country of infection may be walled off by a hempen pouch, organizing a granuloma, which contains non-infectious ( unfertile ) tissue but non pus. Most of the pathological lesions and tips of roots are granulomas, but it is common pattern to mention to all such conditions as abscesses. Since granulomas are normally painless and really slow-growing, they are discovered merely by agencies of dental x-ray scrutinies. Unless the whole tooth is severely decayed, the tooth can be saved by root canal therapy. RADIOGRAPH SHOWING PERIAPICAL RADIOLUCENCYSymptoms of Dental AbscessesPain is gnawing and uninterrupted. The involved tooth is painful when percussed ( tapped ) , and frequently the dentitions can non shut without added uncomfortableness. Hot nutrients may increase the hurting. If intervention is delayed, the infection may distribute through next tissues, doing cellulitis, changing grades of facial hydrops, and fever. The infection may distribute to osteal ( bony ) tissues or into the soft tissues of the floor of the oral cavity. Local puffiness and gingival fistulous witherss may develop opposite the vertex of the tooth, particularly with deciduous ( impermanent ) dentition. Drain into the oral cavity causes a acrimonious gustatory sensation. Abscesss from lower grinders may run out at the angle of the jaw. A chronic periapical ( at or around the vertex of a root of a tooth ) abscess normally presents few clinical marks, since it is basically a limited country of mild infection that spreads easy. A odontalgia that is terrible and uninterrupted and consequences in gnawing or throbbing hurting or crisp or hiting hurting are common symptoms of an abscessed tooth. Other symptoms may include: Fever Pain when mastication Sensitivity of the dentitions to hot or cold Bitter gustatory sensation in the oral cavity Foul odor to the breath Swollen cervix secretory organs General uncomfortableness, uneasiness, or ill feeling Redness and puffiness of the gums Swollen country of the upper or lower jaw An unfastened, run outing sore on the side of the gum If the root of the tooth dies as a consequence of infection, the odontalgia may halt. However, this does n't intend the infection has healed ; the infection remains active and continues to distribute and destruct tissue. Therefore, if you experience any of the above listed symptoms, it is of import to see a tooth doctor even if the hurting subsides.Diagnosis of Dental AbscessYour tooth doctor will examine your dentitions with a dental instrument. If you have an abscessed tooth, you will experience hurting when the tooth is tapped by your tooth doctor ‘s investigation. Your tooth doctor will besides inquire you if your hurting additions when you bite down or when you close your oral cavity tightly. In add-on, your tooth doctor may surmise an abscessed tooth because your gums may be swollen and ruddy. Your tooth doctor may besides take X raies to look for eroding of the bone around the abscess.Treatment of Dental Abscesses in Deciduous toothDefinition: pulpectomy involves the remotion of the root and the mush chamber in order to derive one to root canals which are debrided, enlarged and disinfected.Technique1.give equal local anesthesia 2.apply gum elastic dike to insulate the country. 3.remove all the carious dentin. 4.penetrate the mush chamber with aid of slow velocity unit of ammunition bur. 5.remove the mush tissue with all right barbed brooch and take the on the job length X ray. 6.complete the bio-mechanical preaparation and avoid over instrumentality. 7.avoid utilizing Gatess glidden drills, sonic and supersonic instruments because in primary dentitions there are increase opportunities of perforation due to narrow and slight canals. 8. voluminous irrigation is necessary to blush out dust and Na hypochlorite is the preferable irrigant. 9.now topographic point the paper point moistened with formocresol about for five proceedingss to repair any staying tissue. 10.after this remove the paper point and make full the canal with zinc oxide eugenol cement.there after, tooth is restored with unstained steel Crown.COMMONLY USED MATERIAL FOR FILLING THE CANALS ARE:Zinc oxide eugenolIodoform pasteCalcium hydrated oxideZinc oxide pasteTreatment of Abscess Tooth in Permanent ToothIt is of import to find which type of abscess is present so that the appropriate intervention may be rendered. In all three types of abscesses, the Pus must be drained. Antibiotics may be prescribed if systemic symptoms such as febrility and swelling in the lymph secretory organs are present. ( Mouth infections frequently affect the lymph glands in the cervix part. ) Deep cleansing will be undertaken for gum pocket ( periodontic ) abscesses. Schemes to extinguish the infection, continue the tooth, and prevent complications are the ends of intervention for an abscessed tooth. 1 ) To extinguish infection, the abscess may necessitate to be drained. Achieving drainage may be done through the tooth by a process known as a root canal. Root canal surgery may besides be recommended to take any morbid root tissue after the infection has subsided. Then, a Crown may be placed over the tooth. 2 ) The tooth may besides be extracted, leting drainage through the socket. 3 ) To run out the abscess would be by scratch into the conceited gum tissue. Antibiotics are prescribed to assist contend the infection. To alleviate the hurting and uncomfortableness associated with an abscessed tooth, warm salt-water rinses and nonprescription hurting medicine like isobutylphenyl propionic acid ( Advil or Motrin ) can be used. The redness and hurting of abscesses may be relieved with a low-level optical maser, doing the patient more comfy to have the injection in a more painless manner. As diabetics are prone to the spread of infection, abscesses should be brought to the attending of their tooth doctor so that prompt intervention may be begun. By and large, an analgetic ( pain-reliever ) such as acetylsalicylic acid or acetaminophen entirely or with codeine is needed. Bed remainder, a soft diet, and fluids may be necessary. Failure to handle an abscess can take to serious infection as the Pus spreads. Fever and malaise intensify when the infection penetrates the bone marrow of the jaw, bring forthing osteomyelitis. Prompt antibiotic therapy and surgical intercession in more utmost instances are normally successful in restricting the abscess or osteomyelitis, although frequently non before extended and lasting harm has been done. An abscessed tooth is a painful infection at the root of a tooth or between the gum and a tooth. It ‘s most normally caused by terrible tooth decay. Other causes of tooth abscess are trauma to the tooth, such as when it is broken or chipped, and gingivitis or gum disease. These jobs can do gaps in the tooth enamel, which allows bacteriums to infect the centre of the tooth ( called the mush ) . The infection may besides distribute from the root of the tooth to the castanetss back uping the tooth. and continues to distribute and destruct tissue. Therefore, if you experience any of the above listed symptoms, it is of import to see a tooth doctor even if the hurting subsides.PreventionsFollowing good unwritten hygiene patterns can cut down the hazard of developing a tooth abscess. Besides, if your dentitions experience injury ( for illustration, go loosened or chipped ) , seek prompt dental attending The ends of intervention are to bring around the infection, save the tooth, and prevent complications.Prognosis ( Expectations )Untreated abscesses may acquire worse and can take to dangerous complications. Prompt intervention normally cures the infection. The tooth can normally be saved in many instances.ComplicationsLoss of the tooth Mediastinitis Sepsis Spread of infection to soft tissue ( facial cellulitis, Ludwig ‘s angina ) Spread of infection to the jaw bone ( osteomyelitis of the jaw ) Spread of infection to other countries of the organic structure ensuing in encephalon abscess, endocarditis, pneumonia, or other complications